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Table 2 Risk factors associated to seropositivity for Toxoplasma gondii in girls and women of childbearing age group

From: Toxoplasmosis seroprevalence in Iranian women and risk factors of the disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Demographic factors

Total individuals

Positive cases

Pooled estimation (%)

I 2

P valuea

Age

0.62

 ≤20 years

2296

1040

45 (95% CI = 30 to 60)

98.91

 >20 years

4370

2294

39 (95% CI = 23 to 56)

98.49

Contact with cat

0.04

 Yes

1775

474

30 (95% CI = 24 to 37)

87.44

 No

3898

815

21 (95% CI = 16 to 26)

93.78

Contact with other animals

0.41

 Yes

657

182

26 (95% CI = 18 to 35)

82.33

 No

1443

295

21 (95% CI = 12 to 30)

94.98

Contact to meat

0.98

 Yes

646

204

28 (95% CI = 16 to 42)

89.59

 No

339

82

23 (95% CI = 19 to 28)

96.53

Meat consumption

0.12

 Undercooked

1755

466

34 (95% CI = 23 to 46)

95.33

 Cooked

2209

381

17 (95% CI = 12 to 22)

89.25

Raw vegetable/fruit consumption

0.25

 Yes

2645

631

24 (95% CI = 17 to 31)

94.49

 No

 

47

17 (95% CI = 9 to 27)

71.32

Milk consumption

0.17

 Pasteurized

1264

276

21 (95% CI = 8 to 38)

97.87

 Unpasteurized

95

34

45 (95% CI = 19 to 72)

78.93

Educational status

0.37

 Illiterate

211

114

63 (95% CI = 37 to 86)

91.70

 

 Junior/senior

1064

553

50 (95% CI = 30 to 70)

97.73

 

 High school

987

555

52 (95% CI = 24 to 80)

98.89

 

 Diploma/university

863

320

47 (95% CI = 18 to 77)

98.80

 

Occupational group

0.37

 Employee

572

340

53 (95% CI = 33 to 74)

99.17

 

 Housewife

2389

1336

52 (95% CI = 30 to 73)

95.28

 

 Students

418

133

83 (95% CI = 16 to 63)

95.95

 

Wearing gloves during cutting meat

0.47

 Yes

250

31

12 (95% CI = 8 to 17)

96.78

 

 No

756

137

18 (95% CI = 15 to 20)

96.78

 

Washing vegetable/fruit

0.65

 Water

573

176

27 (95% CI = 12 to 46)

95.36

 

 Antiseptic

705

107

19 (95% CI = 10 to 31)

89.76

 

Residence

0.99

 Urban

5137

2011

33 (95% CI = 19 to 49)

99.27

 

 Rural

2924

1213

33 (95% CI = 22 to 46)

97.53

 
  1. aMeta-regression analysis